Everything You Need to Know about Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

 

What is JVM?

JVM or Java Virtual Machine is an abstract platform-dependent virtual machinewhich provides runtime environment in which java byte code can be well-executed. It is available for various hardware and software platforms and has a major role in carrying out modern day innovations.

Function of JVM

As discussed above it involves processes running on a machine, something similar to a server, which represents and controls the resource usage for a Java application. It, thus, basically performs 2 primordial functions – one, it works on the principle of “Write Once, Run Anywhere”, enabling the users to execute Java development programs on nearly all devices and/or operating systems, and second, it optimizes and manages the program memory via process known as Garbage Collection.

Besides, JVM also does tasks like loading the code, verifying it, executing itand providing a suitable runtime environment to work efficiently. Not only this, it also provides several definitions for different domains like class file format, register set, memory area, garbage-collected heap, fatal error reporting etc..

What is Garbage Collection?

It is a major process running within a JVM which involves continuous identification and removal of the memory which is currently not being put to use in a Java program and/or application.

Architecture of JVM

It consists of various technically associated domains like:-

1. Classloader

Classloader is a sub part of JVM being used to load the class files. Whenever a java program is run, it is first loaded by the classloader and then accordingly executed. There are primarily three built-in internal classloaders in Java. However, others can also be created on the same lines. The 3 in-built classloaders include:-

1. Bootstrap ClassLoader It is the first classloader which is a super class of the Extension classloader works to loads the jarfiles, containing all class files of Java Standard Edition like java.net package classes, java.io package classes, java.util package classes, java.sql package classes, java.lang package classes etc…
2. Extension ClassLoader: This is a child classloader of the above mentioned and the parent classloader of the System classloader. It is responsible for loading the jar files located within $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext
3. System/Application ClassLoader: It is the child classloader of the aboveand deals with loading the classfiles from classpath.

2. Class(Method) Area:

Class (Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the field and method data, the runtime constant pool, the code for methods etc..

3. Heap

It refers to the runtime data area where allocation of objects takes place.

4. Stack

Storing of frames take place Java Stack. It holds local variables and partial results, husplaying an important part in the process of method invocation and return. Every thread has a private JVM stack which is created simultaneously along with the thread.

*A new frame is developed each time a method is invoked and is destroyed when the process of method invocation finishes.

5. Program Counter Register (PC)

PC (program counter) register has the address of the JVM instruction being executed currently.

6. Native Method Stack

It comprises of all the native methods being used in a program and/or an application.

7. Execution Engine

It includes:

1. A virtual processor
2. Interpreter: Executes the instructions reading the byte code stream.
3. Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used as a tool to enhance the performance of a JVM is responsible for compiling the parts of the byte code that havesimilar functionalities at the same time, hence reducing the time required for the completion of the compilation process.

8. Java Native Interface

Java Native Interface (JNI) is a framework providing a communication interface such that it can communicate with other application other languages like C, C++, Assembly etc. It is thus, also used to send output to the Console or interact with the OS libraries.

Working of a JVM –Stages and/or Processes Involved

A JVM involves three stages –

1. Loading

It refers to the cation of loading a/the file on the memory using the classloaders and then representing it in the heap memory.

2. Linking

It is a 3 fold process, involving –

a. Verification: Ensures the correctness of .classfile, checking whether the file is formatted properly and whether or not is generated by a valid compiler.

If verification fails, a run-time exception java.lang.VerifyError is given.

b. Preparation: Allocates memory for class variables and initializes it to the default values.

c. Resolution: Replaces symbolic references with direct references, by searching into the method area so as to locate the entity being referred to.

        3. Initialization

Under this process, all the static variables are assigned their respective values as defined in the code and/or static blocks (if any), which is executed from top to bottom in a class and from parent to child in the class hierarchy.

Thus JVM should be a part of any java development company and its a new ray of hope for improved technical innovations, something which is not only friendly to all platforms but also is convent and user-friendly

Fashion design

Fashion design is the applied art devoted to the designing of clothing and lifestyle accessories. This art is influenced by cultural and social attitudes and has evolved over time and place. Fashion designing has come a long way from the designer clothes worn by the royalty of the ancient world to the haute couture products of the present.

Fashion designing is one of the most lucrative, appealing, glamorous and exciting career options in today's world. If you have a penchant for creativity, style and originality, a career in fashion designing is the one tailor made for you. On one hand, the fashion industry satisfies both the creative fancies and the materialistic needs of the people. On the other hand, it promises glamour, fame, success and a high pay package to the talented people.

However, it is also a demanding career, as fashion designers need to combine their creativity with managerial skills to sustain in this industry. Thus, if you can create magic with colours, shapes and designs, then just obtain a professional course to begin a successful career in the alluring world of fashion designing.

Step-by-Step

To start a career as a fashion designer, two types of qualifications are required, that is, natural and acquired.

• Natural: this skill set would comprise of a decent aesthetic sense, colour expertise, good taste and sense of trends and fashion. An eye for detail, knowledge of fabrics and so on is a big plus for those serious about a career as a fashion designer.

• Acquired skills would be a qualification from a decent, recognized fashion Institute. You can enrol for either a full-time course or a part time certificate course. Students usually take these up after their 10+2 level. Not that the courses are not available for graduates or people with higher qualification. There are several short-term certificate courses that are offered by the same fashion institutes for super specialization, on part-time basis. These courses equip you with technical and creative thinking skills.

Start Early

The word ‘fashion’ immediately conjures up images of glitz and glamour. The onset of the International fashion market in India has given an impetus to the fashion industry which has emerged as the booming industry and a career as a fashion designer is like a pot of gold. So, many young people who are attracted by these attributes decide to foray into the fashion industry.

While the academic requirements are not very high, you need considerable aptitude and talent to be labelled “designer” material. You must be highly creative to combine colours, shades and textures and express your ideas through sketches.

Your race for admission into a reputed fashion school will begin straight after school. Subjects like drawing, painting, home science and computer graphics will develop your creativity.

By the time you finish the course you will have mastered the step-by-step making of a garment: from designing to pattern making, production and even marketing.

Is it the right career for me?

A career in fashion designing is right for you if you are talented and exude style in everything you do. You must also possess the ability be original and creative and love to make people look good.
Further, you must be creative enough to combine colours, shades and textures and express your ideas through sketches. You must also visualise new design, patters, garments and accessories and enjoy working with fabrics and accessories.

If you have all this and more in you then you are all, set to step into the arena of fashion designing.

What would it Cost Me?

The fee structure varies from institution to institution. However, on an average you will have to dish out more than Rs. 45,000 per annum to complete a course in Fashion Designing from a reputed institution.

Funding/Scholarship

Some fashion academies extend merit based scholarships.  These scholarships usually waive off payment of tuition fee only. These waivers continue in the subsequent year(s) on the condition that the awardees academic performance meets the prescribed standards of achievement.

The criterion of these scholarship programmes is based on the annual income of the eligible student’s parental annual income. There are a few scholarships sponsored by reputed companies for meritorious and financially deserving students. Scholarship awardees also get educational loan facility to cover other payable fee and expenses.

Job Prospect

In India, the fashion industry has just begun to come of age, as it is still in its fledgling stage. This industry offers plenty of opportunities for talented hard working and enthusiastic people. Prospects for fashion design graduates are pretty good thanks to the huge and still growing demand for “designer wear” and the equally outsized quantity of exports.

After successful completion of the course, you can remain self employed. Alternatively, several export houses, garment store chains, textile mills, leather companies, boutiques, fashion show organizers, jewellery houses and media houses recruit professionals interested in a career in fashion designing.

Pay Packet

The Starting monthly package can be around Rs.10, 000 to Rs.15, 000. With experience, you will acquire maturity in designing skills and a few years down the line your salary would be in the range of Rs.30, 000 to Rs.40, 000 per month. Of course, if you become a reputed designer you could demand the world.

Great fashion designers salary always shows an upward moving trend. However, hard work and a conscious effort to update the latest trends in the fashion industry are imperative.

Demand and Supply

Economically India is progressing rapidly today with even better future prospects. Therefore, the country is today witnessing rapid growth in many sectors which includes the fashion industry.

Indian fashion is gaining a lot of popularity abroad because of cheap labour and excellent craftsmanship. Many top Indian designers are now catering to this growing international demand for quality fashion products and accessories. In addition, for the demand for Indian garments, designer saris and textiles are also of great demand.

Many individuals choose careers in fashion designing today as there are many areas of work and countless opportunities within this field.

Market Watch

The scope for fashion design jobs in India is immense as Indians have increasingly become more fashion conscious and seek to enhance it in every way. Clothing companies need to hire people in a variety of jobs, ranging from fashion designers, textile designers, models, retailers, buyers and merchandisers, to provide end-to-end solutions to their clients.

According to a recent study, the India’s fashion designing industry aims to grow to Rs.1, 000 crores from the current to Rs.180 crores within the next 5 to 10 years.

International Focus

Better prospectus both in terms of salary and growth of fashion design jobs is enormous and extends beyond India’s markets to international markets too. Indian fashion designers are doing very well in almost all countries and hence the scope has broadened for students of fashion designing. 

Fashion designers such as Ritu Beri, Ritu Kumar, Rohit Bal, Satya Paul and Tarun Tahiliani are known worldwide. Many Institutions provide training to potential fashion designers to expand their talent and become entrepreneurs in the fashion world. The India Fashion Week has become an international fashion event, with buyers from international stores making an appearance to transact business.

With more and more Indians dressing up and focused on looking good, there is an increasing awareness about fashion in India. The Indian fashion industry is booming. The domestic Indian Textile market is worth $25 billion today and growing at an annual rate of 15-20%.

Mega Malls are mushrooming all over. The Retail sector is witnessing a virtual explosion with the Ambanis, Mittals, Birlas and now, the Tatas making a foray in this sector. The fashion market will require thousands of trained professionals in the fields of design, management, communication and technology.

Positives/Negatives

+ives
• The scope of fashion design is such that it’s cut out for success.
• There are some glamorous aspects to this business, you may get to rub shoulders with the rich and famous, but reaching there is absolute hard work.

-ives
• Fashion designers need a lot of experience and hence they have to work as assistant for any reputed fashion design firm in the initial phase.
• You might want to set up your own studio but you will need a lot of money or have to find investors who are ready to invest in your studio.
• Unless you have some hands on experience, it is hard to get investors.

Different roles, different names

As a professional fashion designer, you can work in areas like designer wear production, fashion marketing, planning and concept management. Then there is fashion media, design production management, fashion accessory design, quality control and promotion of brands.

You can also work as a designated costume designer, fashion consultant, personal stylist, technical designer, graphic designer, production pattern maker or a fashion coordinator.

Other roles include: apparel production manager, fabric buyer, fabric quality control manager, show room sales representative, illustrator, cutting assistant and outside sales representative. Those interested in a career in fashion designing can also become entrepreneurs and form their own companies.

Top Companies

1. Fashion houses run by top fashion designers such as: Abu Jani, JJ Valaya, Manish Malhotra, Neeta Lulla, Rina Dhaka, Ritu Beri, Ritu Kumar, Rohit Bal,  Sandeep Khosla, Tarun Tahiliani and so on.

2. Top notch garment and textile export houses

3. Textile and fabric manufacturing units

4. Exclusive and branded fashion showrooms

Tips for getting Hired

1. Make a great portfolio that showcases your creative talents

2. Apprenticeship under a well-known designer is desirable for getting hired in this industry

3. Thoroughly research the market before making a foray into it

4. Do freelancing for fashion houses and boutiques

5. Be creative, exclusive and innovative

6. Don’t be impulsive and impatient

7. Don’t get disheartened by rejections, understand your drawbacks and work on it

8. Start affordable and once you have proved yourself, you can go for the stars

materials engineerings

What is Materials Engineering?

New materials have been among the greatest achievements of every age and they have been central to the growth, prosperity, security, and quality of life of humans since the beginning of history. It is always new materials that open the door to new technologies, whether they are in civil, chemical, construction, nuclear, aeronautical, agricultural, mechanical, biomedical or electrical engineering.
Materials scientists and engineers continue to be at the forefront of all of these and many other areas of science, too. Materials science and engineering influences our lives each time we buy or use a new device, machine, or structure. (You can read more about the impact of this exciting field in our list of suggested readings.) The definition of the academic field of Materials Science & Engineering stems from a realization concerning every application of materials: it is the properties of the material that give it value. A material may be chosen for its strength, its electrical properties, resistance to heat or corrosion, or a host of other reasons; but they all relate to properties.
Experience shows that all of the useful properties of a material are intimately related to its structure, at all levels, including which atoms are present, how the atoms are joined, and how groups of atoms are arranged throughout the material. Most importantly, we learn how this structure, and the resulting properties, are controlled by the processing of the material.
Finally materials must perform their tasks in an economical and societally responsible manner. Understanding the relationships between properties, structure, processing and performance makes the Materials Engineer the master of the engineering universe.

What's in a Name?

We are the School of Materials Engineering, at Purdue.

At most other universities, these days, materials are studied in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, a name that has gradually become standardized since it was first coined at Northwestern University, in the 1960's. The predecessors of all these departments of Materials Science & Engineering, were typically departments of Metallurgy, Metallurgical Engineering, Mining, Ceramics, and so on. And, yes, this was the School of Metallurgical Engineering in 1959 (when it became independent from the School of Chemical Engineering) and adopted its present name in 1973. For more information on the first years of MSE see Chapter 1 of  "A History of the School of Materials Engineering"  by Mysore Dayananda.

So why are we a "School" instead of a "Department?" And why have we no "Science" in our name?

It's partly a matter of tradition, and partly a reflection of our particular style. (Our undergraduate degree is the Bachelor of Engineering in Materials Science and Engineering, and this gives us our familiar three letter campus code or designator "MSE." Even this is sometimes written as "MsE" acknowledging the difference between the School's name and that of the degree.)

School or Department?

Academic units at Purdue may be Schools or Departments. Generally speaking, Schools are larger, more independent and more powerful - something like Colleges on many large university campuses. The right to award degrees is vested only in the Schools. The School of Liberal Arts has Departments such as English and Philosophy, and the School of Science has Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Math and Biology. But the College of Engineering comprises eleven schools, and two departments. We take pride in the title, which reflects a certain independence of style. This is embodied in our unique approach to the teaching of Materials.

Why no Science?

Well, we do teach a lot of science. Campus legend has it that there was once an objection to the already powerful Schools of Engineering venturing into the hallowed field of Science but, in fact, the title reflects our approach to materials - that we study them because of their engineering utility, not their scientific beauty. This is not to say that we are above stopping and smelling the scientific "roses," and much of what we see in our microscopes is, indeed, truly beautiful. We just begin with the question "how could you make that?" and lead up to "why does it work?" rather than going the other way around. The emphasis on Engineering is not in opposition to science, it is just the fundamental reason for doing what we do, and it is appropriately reflected in our name.

Biomedical Engineers

What Biomedical Engineers Do

Biomedical engineers combine engineering principles with medical and biological sciences to design and create equipment, devices, computer systems, and software used in healthcare.

Duties of Biomedical Engineers

Biomedical engineers typically do the following:

• Design biomedical equipment and devices, such as artificial internal organs, replacements for body parts, and machines for diagnosing medical problems
• Install, adjust, maintain, repair, or provide technical support for biomedical equipment
• Evaluate the safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of biomedical equipment
• Train clinicians and other personnel on the proper use of biomedical equipment
• Research the engineering aspects of the biological systems of humans and animals with life scientists, chemists, and medical scientists
• Prepare procedures, write technical reports, publish research papers, and make recommendations based on their research findings
• Present research findings to scientists, nonscientist executives, clinicians, hospital management, engineers, other colleagues, and the public

Biomedical engineers design instruments, devices, and software used in healthcare; develop new procedures using knowledge from many technical sources; or conduct research needed to solve clinical problems. They frequently work in research and development or quality assurance.
Biomedical engineers design electrical circuits, software to run medical equipment, or computer simulations to test new drug therapies. In addition, they design and build artificial body parts, such as hip and knee joints. In some cases, they develop the materials needed to make the replacement body parts. They also design rehabilitative exercise equipment.
The work of these engineers spans many professional fields. For example, although their expertise is based in engineering and biology, they often design computer software to run complicated instruments, such as three-dimensional x-ray machines. Alternatively, many of these engineers use their knowledge of chemistry and biology to develop new drug therapies. Others draw heavily on math and statistics to build models to understand the signals transmitted by the brain or heart. Some may be involved in sales.
The following are examples of specialty areas within the field of biomedical engineering:
Bioinstrumentation uses electronics, computer science, and measurement principles to develop instruments used in the diagnosis and treatment of medical problems.
Biomaterials is the study of naturally occurring or laboratory-designed materials that are used in medical devices or as implantation materials.
Biomechanics involves the study of mechanics, such as thermodynamics, to solve biological or medical problems.
Clinical engineering applies medical technology to optimize healthcare delivery.
Rehabilitation engineering is the study of engineering and computer science to develop devices that assist individuals recovering from or adapting to physical and cognitive impairments.
Systems physiology uses engineering tools to understand how systems within living organisms, from bacteria to humans, function and respond to changes in their environment.
Some people with training in biomedical engineering become postsecondary teachers.

Work Environment for Biomedical Engineers

Biomedical engineers hold about 21,300 jobs. The largest employers of biomedical engineers are as follows:

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing	22%
Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	17
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	11
Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private	11
Healthcare and social assistance	10

Biomedical engineers work in teams with scientists, healthcare workers, or other engineers. Where and how they work depends on the project. For example, a biomedical engineer who has developed a new device designed to help a person with a disability to walk again might have to spend hours in a hospital to determine whether the device works as planned. If the engineer finds a way to improve the device, he or she might have to return to the manufacturer to help alter the manufacturing process to improve the design.

Biomedical Engineer Work Schedules

Biomedical engineers usually work full time on a normal schedule. However, as with employees in almost any engineering occupation, biomedical engineers occasionally may have to work additional hours to meet the needs of patients, managers, colleagues, and clients. About 1 in 5 biomedical engineers work more than 40 hours per week.

How to Become a Biomedical Engineer

Biomedical engineers typically need a bachelor's degree in biomedical engineering or bioengineering, or in a related engineering field. Some positions may require a graduate degree.

Education for Biomedical Engineers

Biomedical engineering and traditional engineering programs, such as mechanical and electrical, are typically good preparation for entering biomedical engineering jobs. Students who pursue traditional engineering programs at the bachelor's level may benefit from taking biological science courses.
Students interested in becoming biomedical engineers should take high school science courses, such as chemistry, physics, and biology. They should also take math courses, including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and calculus. Courses in drafting or mechanical drawing and in computer programming are also useful.
Bachelor's degree programs in biomedical engineering and bioengineering focus on engineering and biological sciences. Programs include laboratory- and classroom-based courses, in subjects such as fluid and solid mechanics, computer programming, circuit design, and biomaterials. Other required courses may include biological sciences, such as physiology.
Accredited programs also include substantial training in engineering design. Many programs include co-ops or internships, often with hospitals and medical device and pharmaceutical manufacturing companies, to provide students with practical applications as part of their study. Biomedical engineering and bioengineering programs are accredited by ABET.

Important Qualities for Biomedical Engineers

Analytical skills. Biomedical engineers must analyze the needs of patients and customers to design appropriate solutions.
Communication skills. Because biomedical engineers sometimes work with patients and frequently work on teams, they must express themselves clearly. They must seek others' ideas and incorporate those ideas into the problem-solving process.
Creativity. Biomedical engineers must be creative to come up with innovative and integrative advances in healthcare equipment and devices.
Math skills. Biomedical engineers use the principles of calculus and other advanced topics in math and statistics, for analysis, design, and troubleshooting in their work.
Problem-solving skills. Biomedical engineers typically deal with and solve problems in complex biological systems.

Advancement for Biomedical Engineers

Biomedical engineers typically receive greater responsibility through experience and more education. To lead a research team, a biomedical engineer generally needs a graduate degree. Biomedical engineers who are interested in basic research may become medical scientists.
Some biomedical engineers attend medical or dental school to specialize in various techniques or topical areas, such as using electric impulses in new ways to get muscles moving again. Some earn law degrees and work as patent attorneys. Others pursue a master's degree in business administration (MBA) and move into managerial positions. For more information, see the profiles on lawyers and architectural and engineering managers.

Biomedical Engineer Salaries

The median annual wage for biomedical engineers is $85,620. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $51,050, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $134,620.
The median annual wages for biomedical engineers in the top industries in which they work are as follows:

Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	$94,800
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	90,180
Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing	86,860
Healthcare and social assistance	75,080
Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private	58,020

Biomedical engineers usually work full time on a normal schedule. However, as with employees in almost any engineering occupation, biomedical engineers occasionally may have to work additional hours to meet the needs of patients, managers, colleagues, and clients. About 1 in 5 biomedical engineers work more than 40 hours per week.

Job Outlook for Biomedical Engineers

Employment of biomedical engineers is projected to grow 7 percent over the next ten years, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
Biomedical engineers likely will see employment growth because of increasing possibilities brought by new technologies and increasing applications to medical equipment and devices. Smartphone technology and three-dimensional printing are examples of technology being applied to biomedical advances.
As the aging baby-boom generation lives longer and stays active, the demand for biomedical devices and procedures, such as hip and knee replacements, is expected to increase. In addition, as the public continues to become more aware of medical advances, increasing numbers of people will seek biomedical solutions to their health problems from their physicians.
Biomedical engineers work with scientists, other medical researchers, and manufacturers to address a wide range of injuries and physical disabilities. Their ability to work in different activities with workers from other fields is enlarging the range of applications for biomedical engineering products and services.

Employment projections data for Biomedical Engineers, 2016-26

Occupational Title	Employment, 2016	Projected Employment, 2026	Change, 2016-26
			Percent	Numeric
Biomedical engineers	21,300	22,800	7	1,500

Careers Related to Biomedical Engineers

Agricultural Engineers

Agricultural engineers attempt to solve agricultural problems concerning power supplies, the efficiency of machinery, the use of structures and facilities, pollution and environmental issues, and the storage and processing of agricultural products.

Architectural and Engineering Managers

Architectural and engineering managers plan, direct, and coordinate activities in architectural and engineering companies.

Biochemists and Biophysicists

Biochemists and biophysicists study the chemical and physical principles of living things and of biological processes, such as cell development, growth, heredity, and disease.

Chemical Engineers

Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and math to solve problems that involve the production or use of chemicals, fuel, drugs, food, and many other products. They design processes and equipment for large-scale manufacturing, plan and test production methods and byproducts treatment, and direct facility operations.

Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment, such as electric motors, radar and navigation systems, communications systems, and power generation equipment. Electronics engineers design and develop electronic equipment, including broadcast and communications systems, such as portable music players and Global Positioning System (GPS) devices.

Materials Engineers

Materials engineers develop, process, and test materials used to create a wide range of products, from computer chips and aircraft wings to golf clubs and biomedical devices. They study the properties and structures of metals, ceramics, plastics, composites, nanomaterials (extremely small substances), and other substances in order to create new materials that meet certain mechanical, electrical, and chemical requirements.

Mechanical Engineers

Mechanical engineers design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal sensors and devices, including tools, engines, and machines.

Physicians and Surgeons

Physicians and surgeons diagnose and treat injuries or illnesses. Physicians examine patients; take medical histories; prescribe medications; and order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests. They counsel patients on diet, hygiene, and preventive healthcare. Surgeons operate on patients to treat injuries, such as broken bones; diseases, such as cancerous tumors; and deformities, such as cleft palates.

Sales Engineers

Sales engineers sell complex scientific and technological products or services to businesses. They must have extensive knowledge of the products' parts and functions and must understand the scientific processes that make these products work.

*Some content used by permission of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

chemical engineering

What Chemical Engineers Do?

 

Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and math to solve problems that involve the production or use of chemicals, fuel, drugs, food, and many other products. They design processes and equipment for large-scale manufacturing, plan and test production methods and byproducts treatment, and direct facility operations.

Duties of Chemical Engineers

Chemical engineers typically do the following:

• Conduct research to develop new and improved manufacturing processes
• Establish safety procedures for those working with dangerous chemicals
• Develop processes for separating components of liquids and gases, or for generating electrical currents, by using controlled chemical processes
• Design and plan the layout of equipment
• Conduct tests and monitor the performance of processes throughout production
• Troubleshoot problems with manufacturing processes
• Evaluate equipment and processes to ensure compliance with safety and environmental regulations
• Estimate production costs for management

Some chemical engineers, known as process engineers, specialize in a particular process, such as oxidation (a reaction of oxygen with chemicals to make other chemicals) or polymerization (making plastics and resins).
Others specialize in a particular field, such as nanomaterials (extremely small substances) or biological engineering. Still others specialize in developing specific products.
In addition, chemical engineers work in the production of energy, electronics, food, clothing, and paper. They must understand how the manufacturing process affects the environment and the safety of workers and consumers.
Chemical engineers also conduct research in the life sciences, biotechnology, and business services.

Work Environment for Chemical Engineers

Chemical engineers hold about 32,700 jobs. The largest employers of chemical engineers are as follows:

Basic chemical manufacturing	15%
Engineering services	13
Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	9
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial synthetic fibers and filaments manufacturing	8
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	6

Chemical engineers work mostly in offices or laboratories. They may spend time at industrial plants, refineries, and other locations, where they monitor or direct operations or solve onsite problems. Chemical engineers must be able to work with those who design other systems and with the technicians and mechanics who put the designs into practice.
Some engineers travel extensively to plants or worksites, both domestically and abroad.

Injuries and Illnesses

Chemical engineers can be exposed to health or safety hazards when handling certain chemicals and plant equipment, but such exposure can be avoided if proper procedures are followed.

Chemical Engineer Work Schedules

Nearly all chemical engineers work full time. Occasionally, they may have to work additional hours to meet production targets and design standards or to troubleshoot problems with manufacturing processes. About 2 out of 5 chemical engineers work more than 40 hours per week.

How to Become a Chemical Engineer

Chemical engineers must have a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering or a related field. Employers also value practical experience, so internships and cooperative engineering programs, in which students earn college credit and experience, can be helpful.

Education for Chemical Engineers

Chemical engineers must have a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering or a related field. Programs in chemical engineering usually take 4 years to complete and include classroom, laboratory, and field studies. High school students interested in studying chemical engineering will benefit from taking science courses, such as chemistry, physics, and biology. They also should take math courses, including algebra, trigonometry, and calculus.
At some universities, students can opt to enroll in 5-year engineering programs that lead to both a bachelor's degree and a master's degree. A graduate degree, which may include a degree up to the Ph.D. level, allows an engineer to work in research and development or as a postsecondary teacher.
Some colleges and universities offer internships and/or cooperative programs in partnership with industry. In these programs, students gain practical experience while completing their education.
ABET accredits engineering programs. ABET-accredited programs in chemical engineering include courses in chemistry, physics, and biology. These programs also include applying the sciences to the design, analysis, and control of chemical, physical, and biological processes.

Important Qualities for Chemical Engineers

Analytical skills. Chemical engineers must troubleshoot designs that do not work as planned. They must ask the right questions and then find answers that work.
Creativity. Chemical engineers must explore new ways of applying engineering principles. They work to invent new materials, advanced manufacturing techniques, and new applications in chemical and biomedical engineering.
Ingenuity. Chemical engineers learn the broad concepts of chemical engineering, but their work requires them to apply those concepts to specific production problems.
Interpersonal skills. Because their role is to put scientific principles into practice in manufacturing industries, chemical engineers must develop good working relationships with other workers involved in production processes.
Math skills. Chemical engineers use the principles of advanced math topics such as calculus for analysis, design, and troubleshooting in their work.
Problem-solving skills. In designing equipment and processes for manufacturing, these engineers must be able to anticipate and identify problems, including such issues as workers' safety and problems related to manufacturing and environmental protection.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations for Chemical Engineers

Licensure for chemical engineers is not as common as it is for other engineering occupations, nor is it required for entry-level positions. A Professional Engineering (PE) license, which allows for higher levels of leadership and independence, can be acquired later in one's career. Licensed engineers are called professional engineers (PEs). A PE can oversee the work of other engineers, sign off on projects, and provide services directly to the public. State licensure generally requires

• A degree from an ABET-accredited engineering program
• A passing score on the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam
• Relevant work experience, typically at least 4 years
• A passing score on the Professional Engineering (PE) exam

The initial FE exam can be taken after one earns a bachelor's degree. Engineers who pass this exam are commonly called engineers in training (EITs) or engineer interns (EIs). After meeting work experience requirements, EITs and EIs can take the second exam, called the Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE).
Each state issues its own licenses. Most states recognize licensure from other states, as long as the licensing state's requirements meet or exceed their own licensure requirements. Several states require engineers to take continuing education to keep their licenses.

Other Experience for Chemical Engineers

During high school, students can attend engineering summer camps to see what these and other engineers do. Attending these camps can help students plan their coursework for the remainder of their time in high school.

Advancement for Chemical Engineers

Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers. In large companies, new engineers also may receive formal training in classrooms or seminars. As junior engineers gain knowledge and experience, they move to more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions.
Eventually, chemical engineers may advance to supervise a team of engineers and technicians. Some may become architectural and engineering managers. Preparing for management positions usually requires working under the guidance of a more experienced chemical engineer.
An engineering background enables chemical engineers to discuss a product's technical aspects and assist in product planning and use. For more information, see the profile on sales engineers.

Chemical Engineer Salaries

The median annual wage for chemical engineers is $98,340. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $60,770, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $158,800.
The median annual wages for chemical engineers in the top industries in which they work are as follows:

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	$104,610
Engineering services	103,270
Basic chemical manufacturing	102,100
Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial synthetic fibers and filaments manufacturing	99,550
Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	98,210

A 2015 survey report by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers indicated that the median yearly salary of those with no supervisory responsibility was $106,300.
Nearly all chemical engineers work full time. Occasionally, they may have to work additional hours to meet production targets and design standards or to troubleshoot problems with manufacturing processes. About 2 out of 5 chemical engineers work more than 40 hours per week.

Job Outlook for Chemical Engineers

Employment of chemical engineers is projected to grow 8 percent over the next ten years, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Demand for chemical engineers' services depends largely on demand for the products of various manufacturing industries. The ability of these engineers to stay on the forefront of new emerging technologies will sustain employment growth.
Many chemical engineers work in industries whose products are sought by many manufacturing firms. For instance, they work for firms that manufacture plastic resins, which are used to increase fuel efficiency in automobiles. Increased availability of domestically produced natural gas should increase manufacturing potential in the industries employing these engineers.
In addition, chemical engineering will continue to migrate into dynamic fields, such as nanotechnology, alternative energies, and biotechnology, and thereby help to sustain demand for engineering services in many manufacturing industries.
However, overall growth of employment will be tempered by a declines in employment in some manufacturing sectors.

Job Prospects for Chemical Engineers

The need to find alternative fuels to meet increasing energy demand while maintaining environmental sustainability will continue to require the expertise of chemical engineers in oil- and gas-related industries. In addition, the integration of chemical and biological sciences and rapid advances in innovation will create new areas in biotechnology and in medical and pharmaceutical fields for them to work in. Thus, those with a background in biology will have better chances to gain employment.

Employment projections data for Chemical Engineers, 2016-26

Occupational Title	Employment, 2016	Projected Employment, 2026	Change, 2016-26
			Percent	Numeric
Chemical engineers	32,700	35,200	8	2,500

Careers Related to Chemical Engineers

Architectural and Engineering Managers

Architectural and engineering managers plan, direct, and coordinate activities in architectural and engineering companies.

Biomedical Engineers

Biomedical engineers combine engineering principles with medical sciences to design and create equipment, devices, computer systems, and software used in healthcare.

Chemical Technicians

Chemical technicians use special instruments and techniques to help chemists and chemical engineers research, develop, produce, and test chemical products and processes.

Chemists and Materials Scientists

Chemists and materials scientists study substances at the atomic and molecular levels and analyze the ways in which the substances interact with one another. They use their knowledge to develop new and improved products and to test the quality of manufactured goods.

Nuclear Engineers

Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. Many of these engineers find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials—for example, in equipment used in medical diagnosis and treatment.

Occupational Health and Safety Specialists and Technicians

Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians collect data on and analyze many types of work environments and work procedures. Specialists inspect workplaces for adherence to regulations on safety, health, and the environment. Technicians work with specialists in conducting tests and measuring hazards to help prevent harm to workers, property, the environment, and the general public.

*Some content used by permission of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

India: Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate from 2012 to 2022 (compared to the previous year)

the statistic shows the growth of the real gross domestic product (GDP) in India from 2010 to 2017, with projections up until 2022. In 2017, India's real gross domestic product (GDP) growth was at about 6.74 percent compared to the previous year. GDP refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. It is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. Real GDP is adjusted for price changes and is therefore regarded as a key indicator for economic growth.

0%2%4%6%8%10%

2022*

• 8.15%

Definition of 'Real Economic Growth Rate'

definition: Real Economic Growth Rate is the rate at which a nation's Gross Domestic product (GDP) changes/grows from one year to another. GDP is the market value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a particular time period.

Description: Real Economic Growth Rate takes into account the effects of inflation. Since inflation plays a key role in the GDP of an economy, it is very important to ascertain the effects of inflation on GDP. As a result, the Real Economic Growth Rate takes into account the buying power and is inflation-adjusted. This is the reason it is considered to be a better measure of growth rate than the nominal growth rate.

PRESENT SITUATION OF AN ENGINEERING

After completion of 10+2 maximum students decide to take admission either in Engineering or medicine college without exploring other career options. Due to this, every year lakhs of youths are becoming Engineers but failing to get desired jobs.

They think that jobs are easily available for engineers. After interviewing many of them, I can’t even tell them that your son or daughter do not even have minimum required technical knowledge. Getting first class or distinction has become so easy without having fundamental knowledge of engineering. It’s high time for parents to stop running behind engineering degrees.

USA produces around 1 lakh engineers per year for a $16 trillion economy.

India produces 15 lakhs engineers for a $2 trillion economy.

The earlier mass recruiting sector was Manufacturing. It used to recruit from the core branches like Electrical, Mechanical, Civil etc. But, Manufacturing is relatively stagnant at 17% of the GDP. So the core branch placements have become very difficult.

The more recent mass recruiter was the IT sector. It grew from scratch to almost 5% of the GDP in a short time. IT Employed millions of engineers.

Now, IT is also saturating. Only good, skilled IT Engineers are in demand.

If you look at the sectoral composition of Indian economy, most of the sectors do not need engineers. Tourism is 10% of the GDP, does not require engineers. Financial sector, Trade, Hotels and Restaurants do not require engineers. Requirement of engineers in Health, Education, Agriculture is also negligible.

More than 50% of the GDP has no role for Engineers. Still most of Indian youth are becoming Engineers. The situation is not sustainable .

Demand is low while supply is high. Over and above this, skill level of an average engineer is poor, almost its non-existent in many cases. If we leave aside the top 100–200 colleges, most fresh engineers have no idea of what they studied. Ask a fresh mechanical engineer, can s/he design a simple frame?

Today the situation is that most engineers are working in a field that has no connection to what they have studied in the college. This is a waste of resources.

Engineering degree does not come cheap. It costs about 10-15 lakhs. For poor parents, its a huge burden. When their son / daughter is not able to secure a job, they are devastated.

For the nation, you can calculate the loss. Leave around 1 lakh engineers that NASSCOM says are employable. The rest 14 lakhs have each wasted 10 lakhs of fees. That totals to around $20 Billion. Almost equal to the Government’s spending on healthcare. Over this, there is loss of human capital.

India need to replan the whole engineering education system. Goverment need to cut down on the number of colleges and improve the quality in the rest.

Also students should explore other career options than everyone becoming Engineers.

When it comes to education, a multitude of options are available today! From Aviation, to Hotel Management, Short Term Programs to big movie production courses, Data science, cyber security, Information Security, Cloud Technology Designing, Indian Armed Forces, Animation and VFX, Digital Marketing, Film Making, Technology Courses like SQL, PHP, Big Data, C, C++, etc. and much more!
For a majority of courses like these, there are entrance exams too, such as the NATA, CEED, NID entrance, NIFT entrance, NDA entrance, MBA Entrance, Hotel Management entrance, CET, NEET and many more! Here, the right training goes a long way in getting your child admission to their dream institute! Do you know what are the top career tracks of 2018 other than engineering??

See the following list.

1. Animation, VFX and Multimedia
2. Fashion Design, Event Management and Interior decoration.
3. Aeronautical and Aviation
4. Film making, Script Writing and Acting.
5. Engineering computer, IT, cloud and data science.
6. Networking, information security.
7. Beauty, Modelling and Cosmetology
8. Fitness, dietitian and nutritionist
9. Foreign languages.
10. Music and Dance.

Fashion & Apparel Engineering

Looking to pursue a course in fashion design but want to stand apart from the crowd? Do not fret because now you have institutes that have come up with a course wherein you can become a – Fashion Engineer.

Yes, that’s right, it is an Engineering + Fashion Designing course which has been formulated because it is felt that the fashion industry has truly transformed into a global industry. Today, fashion designers, clothing manufacturers, fashion merchandisers and retailers from all corners of the globe work together to come up with new styles and designs of clothing, shoes and accessories which would appeal to all age-groups and market demand. Because of this, fashion engineering is considered as a great field to work in. Just do not confuse it to be a replica of fashion designing.

Fashion Designing v/s Fashion Engineering:

•Although the two streams are similar but they have a clear distinction in the way they operate. While fashion designers are known to possess creative and artistic approach towards their work, fashion engineers are professionals who attempt to design clothes that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing.

•The job of a fashion designer is restricted to designing new clothes, shoes and so on, whereas, fashion engineers are more exposed to technical aspects of the job. A fashion engineer applies engineering principles in design and manufacturing of textiles and fibre products as well as designing machinery, equipments and tools used in the fashion & textile industry.

•The job profile of a fashion engineer is not restricted to a particular aspect in fashion. They deal with diverse applications of science in design, production and maintenance of textile products. They research and analyse the changes in lifestyle of individuals around the world to develop new trends in fashion designing.

Fashion & Apparel Engineering: USPs

•           It is a degree course not a diploma course (B. Tech degree)

•           Practical learning exposure and industrial visits

•           One can apply for any government job after pursuing it

Broad Areas Covered

The mainstream of Fashion & Apparel Engineering covers the following areas of study-

Fibre Specialization- Textile Raw materials for fabrics & Garments, like Cotton, Wool, Linen, Synthetic fibres and filaments, Polyester, Nylon, Lycra, Hi-tech fibres, like Aramid, Nomex, Carbon, etc.

Yarn Specialization-Yarn formation processes(Conventional and modern), Yarn Numbering Systems, Fancy Yarns, Yarn Quality, Texturising, Ring Spun Yarn, Rotor, Air-Jet, DREF, Friction, Compact Spinning, Filament production, Short-staple, Long-Staple spinning, worsted spinning, Sewing threads, etc.  

Fabric Specialization– Woven fabrics like Plain, Twill, Satin, Towelling, Velvet, etc., Knitted fabrics- Single Jersey, Double Jersey, Pique, Fleece, Velour, etc. Nonwoven, Braided, Crtotchet Fabrics, narrow fabrics, lining & Interlinings production, Fabric structure analysis, Use of Traditional & Modern techniques for

Textile manufacturing

Textile Chemical Processing Specialization–Dyeing, Printing, Finishing, Preparatory Wet Processing like Scouring, Bleaching, Mercerising, Singeing, etc. Garment Dyeing and Finishing, etc.  

Fashion& Designing-Traditional and Heritage embroideries, Fashion hand

Sketching, Color concepts& Design, Design Ideas & Illustration, Apparel Designing, Home Fashion

Garments & Accessories- Garment production Techniques & Garment production Machines, Pattern making and grading, Apparel Construction, Fashion accessories designing and technical know-how. Automatic garment production processes.

Export House Management-Planning & Scheduling, Merchandising, Finance &

Computerized designing- Fashion designing (with Corel Draw, Photoshop, Adobe illustrator, Garment designing (with commercial software as Lectra, Optitex, Tukatech, Richpiece)

Textile & Garment surface designing-Hand Painting, Printing (Block, Screen, Stencil etc.), Dyeing (Batik & Tie-Dye)

Textile & Garment Quality Assurance- Textile and Garment Testing, Quality evaluation of textile material and garments, Textile and Garment Costing, etc.

Professional Opportunities:

Employment: After pursuing fashion and apparel engineering one can easily pursue a career in the below mentioned job profiles:

•           Fashion designers

•           Fashion consultants

•           Fashion choreographer

•           Garments export house workers/managers

•           Accessories designers

•           Media & Fashion journalism

•           Modeling

•           Fashion Illustrators

•           Masters in pattern making

•           Quality control managers

•           Supply chain management

•           Sketching Assistants

•           Apparel Production workers

•           Visual merchandiser

•           Portfolio designer

•           Academics/ lecturer

Entrepreneur/ Self Employment: After pursuing fashion and apparel engineering one can start his own business in any small or big city.

Major Recruiters:

•           Adidas

•           Armani

•           Arvind Mills

•           Biba

•           Calvin Klein

•           Creative Dyeing & Printing

•           Dior

•           Lilliput

•           Zara

•           Puma

•           Raymond

•           Shahi exports

•           Pepe jeans

•           Mufti

•           Madhura garments

•           Beebay and many more.